Analogous methods originating in physiological fields, such as environmental tolerance constructs ( Kearney et al., 2012) and dynamic energy budget models ( Nisbet et al., 2012), have received somewhat more use, albeit not yet in kelp systems. Far fewer studies have taken an ‘ecomechanics’ perspective (Wainwright et al., 1976 Denny and Gaylord, 2010) (see also Denny, 2012) to explore how physical principles affecting individuals might drive trends at population, community or ecosystem scales.
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Many of these studies, however, have addressed algal–flow interactions largely at the level of a single organism. More recent work has further improved understanding of nutrient uptake at blade surfaces ( Stevens and Hurd, 1997 Hurd, 2000), and has revealed nuances of the flow forces that act on macrophytes ( Koehl, 1986 Carrington, 1990 Gaylord et al., 1994 Gaylord et al., 2003 Gaylord et al., 2008 Denny et al., 1998 Boller and Carrington, 2006).
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Neushul, 1972 Wheeler, 1980 Gerard, 1982) and the role of hydrodynamic forces in dictating seaweed mortality (e.g. Early research on this species and others revealed the importance of water motion for algal growth (e.g. Macrocystis pyrifera (the giant kelp) ( North, 1971) is a key habitat-forming macroalga distributed along the west coast of the Americas and Australasia that has been the subject of considerable scientific inquiry, and thus serves as a classic focal taxon. Here, we focus on kelp forests and their relationship to coastal hydrodynamics. Some systems are especially amenable to connecting physical processes active at the scale of individuals to emergent properties of organism assemblages.
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In systems where physical factors strongly influence population, community or ecosystem properties, such mechanics-based methods promote crucial progress but are just beginning to realize their full potential. In each case, advances emerge from the use of ecomechanical approaches that propagate physical–biological connections at the scale of the individual to higher levels of ecological organization. Other analyses yield insight into flow-mediated species interactions within kelp forests. In the most highly studied canopy-forming kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera (the giant kelp), models of hydrodynamic and oceanographic phenomena influencing spore movement provide bounds on reproduction, quantify patterns of local and regional propagule supply, identify scales of population connectivity, and establish context for agents of early life mortality.
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Fluid-dynamic transport and mixing processes affect birth, death, immigration and emigration rates in kelp forests, and can modulate broader community interactions.